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文章2023年11月14日1 分钟阅读

集体投资计划投资教育系列(第一篇)

集体投资计划投资教育系列(第一篇)

投资于合法合规的投资产品
根据世界银行公布的数据,柬埔寨人均国内生产总值 (GDP) 已从2010年的783美元增长至2021年的1,625美元。Statista.com 进一步预测,柬埔寨人均国内生产总值将持续上升,预计于2028年达到约2,656美元。随着中等收入群体的不断扩大以及居民整体财富水平的提升,社会对理性投资与财富管理的需求亦随之显著增长。

然而,近年市场上亦出现了大量涉及欺诈、失败甚至明显诈骗性质的投资项目。这凸显了投资者在追求财富增值的同时,更应提高风险意识,谨慎甄别投资产品的合法性与合规性。

在实际投资过程中,投资者往往容易被高回报承诺或熟悉感所吸引,却忽略了投资中最为关键的因素之一——风险。

投资风险的主要类型包括但不限于:

  • 交易对手风险
  • 市场风险
  • 汇率风险
  • 流动性风险
  • 监管风险
  • 特定风险
  • 环境风险
  • 破产风险
  • 运营风险

风险与回报的关系

基于历史数据可以清楚地看到,投资风险与投资回报之间存在直接关系。一般而言,潜在回报越高,所承担的风险也越大。这一关系通常可通过风险—回报曲线进行直观展示。

Return-vs-Risk-Assets-1.png

在实际投资中,为了有效控制和缓释风险,投资应尽量选择位于或高于风险—回报合理区间的投资机会。更为重要的是,投资者应优先选择合法、受监管的投资产品,以保障自身权益并降低遭受欺诈的可能性。

❖ 合法合规的投资产品 (受监管) 
在进行投资决策时,投资者应首先判断相关投资计划是否属于受监管投资产品、未受监管投资产品,或存在欺诈风险的非法项目。通常而言,受监管的投资产品须接受国家金融监管机构的严格监管与持续监督,相较其他投资形式,其安全性与透明度更高。

一般情况下,受监管的投资产品通常具备以下特征:

  • 获得监管机构的正式批准或核准
  • 由持牌基金管理人或持牌资产管理机构负责管理
  • 具备完善的法律文件及信息披露机制,并通常由经监管机构认可的审计机构进行审计

基于上述监管框架,受监管投资计划涉及欺诈的风险极低,有助于有效保障投资者权益。

❖ 柬埔寨集体投资计划市场的最新发展
 

Screenshot 2024-09-26 at 13.41.50.png

鉴于集体投资计划市场对经济增长的重要潜力,——柬埔寨证券交易监管机构,作为负责监管、监督及推动柬埔寨证券市场发展的唯一监管机构,已通过颁布相关法规,逐步建立并完善该市场的制度基础与基础设施。

为推动集体投资计划市场的发展,柬埔寨证券交易监管机构于2018年5月29日正式颁布《集体投资计划业务许可与监管条例》,允许符合条件的机构向柬埔寨证券交易监管机构申请许可或批准,从事集体投资计划相关业务。

截至2023年第三季度(Q3 2023),柬埔寨证券交易监管机构已向以下机构颁发相关牌照或批准:

  • 16 家基金管理公司
  • 8 家受托机构
  • 5 家基金分销机构
  • 3 家基金行政管理机构

此外,柬埔寨证券交易监管机构于2023年7月20日进一步颁布《集合投资计划基金单位发行条例》。该法规明确了基金单位发行的条件与要求,以及发行后的持续运营与监管安排,以确保市场运作的有序性、问责性与透明度,并最重要地,全面保护包括投资者在内的所有市场参与者的合法权益。

❖ 未受监管的投资产品

investment
未受监管的投资计划通常由一般经营性公司运作,往往以高回报承诺吸引投资者,其监管仅限于基本的公司法层面,不受金融监管机构的实质性监督。在实践中,未受监管投资计划与投资诈骗项目往往难以清晰区分。

此类投资计划通常具有以下特征:

  • 承诺异常高的投资回报 (往往“好得令人难以置信”,实际隐含极高风险)
  • 文件与信息披露不足 (未充分披露潜在风险及隐性费用)
  • 由规模极小的团队管理 (管理层背景往往被夸大或缺乏可核实性)
  • 缺乏独立第三方验证机制 (未经过审计,所有关键流程由单一公司自行完成)
  • 最重要的是,缺乏监管机构的合法性监督,投资计划的合规性无法得到保障

 

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❖ 投资诈骗或欺诈性投资计划
以下为近年来在柬埔寨发生的部分未受监管投资计划失败或涉嫌欺诈的案例:

  • 2019 年国际外汇交易(International Forex Trading) 案件
    该计划由少数个人运作,并向投资者承诺极高回报。项目缺乏必要的制衡机制,相关公司既负责资金投资决策,又负责向投资者发放支票。在缺乏独立第三方监督的情况下,此类未受监管机构容易作出虚假或夸大的投资承诺。
  • 2017 年 Empire Big Capital Limited 与 Investment Consultant Association 案件
    该投资计划同样由小型团队运作,并承诺每月高达 10% 的回报率。与上述案例类似,该项目缺乏基本的内控与监督机制,所有投资及资金运作均在公司内部完成,透明度极低。
  • 涉嫌欺诈的土地投资计划案例
    市场上亦曾出现多起土地投资项目失败并被指控涉嫌欺诈的情况。部分相关经营者已被逮捕、起诉,甚至判刑。此类土地投资项目普遍承诺高回报,但在资金使用方式、项目进展及现金流状况方面严重缺乏透明度。

❖ 投资失败与投资诈骗的区别

需要特别强调的是,投资项目表现不佳与投资诈骗之间存在本质区别。
所有投资活动均伴随一定风险,市场环境变化、经济周期波动等因素,均可能导致合法投资项目出现亏损。

投资诈骗则发生在经营者根本无意将募集资金投入所宣称的投资项目之情况下,而是通过利用新投资者的资金向早期投资者支付所谓“收益”来制造盈利假象,此类行为被称为“庞氏骗局 (Ponzi Scheme)”。
所有诈骗项目均未经监管机构批准,不具备合法性。

❖ 结论

在选择合法合规的投资产品时,投资者应重点考虑以下因素:

  • 该公司是否受相关监管机构监管?
  • 该投资产品是否获得相关监管机构的批准?
  • 所承诺的回报率是否与其风险水平相匹配,是否具备合理性?
  • 集合投资计划是否具备基本的制衡机制,例如独立的法律顾问、审计机构及其他专业服务机构?

最后,相信您的理性判断。
如果某项投资听起来“好得不真实”,投资者应保持谨慎,进行更深入的调查,并提出更多关键问题。在选择符合自身风险承受能力的合法投资时,合理的投资应有助于分散风险,并在长期内实现稳健的财富增长。

本文内容摘编自 柬埔寨证券交易监管机构 (SERC) 相关文章。

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